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▼ Four million people have been effectively stripped of their Indian citizenship in Assam as part of a drive to rid the state of "illegal migrants". Some facing possible deportation have taken their own lives, relatives and activists say.
One day in May, 88-year-old Ashraf Ali told his family he was going to fetch food to break his Ramadan fast. Instead, he took poison and killed himself.
Mr Ali and his family had been included in a list of people deemed to have proven they were "Indian". But his inclusion was challenged by a neighbour, and Mr Ali was summoned to prove his citizenship again, failing which he would be detained.
"He feared he would be taken to a detention centre and his name excluded from the final list," fellow villager Mohammed Ghani said.
The National Register of Citizens (NRC) - as the list in Assam is called - was created in 1951 to determine who was born in the state and is Indian, and who might be a migrant from neighbouring, Muslim-majority East Pakistan, as it was known then. It is now called Bangladesh.
The register is being updated for the first time. It counts as Indian citizens those who can prove they were residents of Assam before 24 March 1971 - the day before Bangladesh declared its independence from Pakistan.
India's government says the register is needed to identify illegal migrants to the state. Last July, the government published a "final draft" of the list which left out about four million people currently living in Assam. They are overwhelmingly ethnic Bengali, both Hindus and Muslims.
Earlier this week the authorities announced that another 100,000 Assam residents, included in the NRC last year, had now been excluded from the register and must prove their citizenship all over again.
More than half of the total number are appealing against their exclusion, before the final version of the NRC is released on 31 July.
Added to the registration exercise, scores of tribunals have been set up in the state since the late 1980s. They regularly identify "doubtful voters" or "illegal infiltrators" as foreigners to be deported.
Both the citizen's register and the tribunals have sparked fears of a witch hunt against Assam's ethnic minorities. (▪ ▪ ▪)
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